A "right-to-work" state is a state that has enacted legislation that guarantees that no individual can be forced as a condition of employment to join or pay dues or fees to a labor union. States have the right to enact these laws under Section 14(b) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).
In states with right-to-work laws it is each employee's choice whether or not to join the union and pay dues, even though all workers are protected by the negotiated collective bargaining agreement. Employers in states with right-to-work laws are prohibited from compelling employees to join a union or making union membership or dues a condition of employment.
In June 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court held that states and public-sector unions may not require government employees to pay agency fees. The Supreme Court's ruling essentially makes every state a right-to-work state for the public sector.
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